نشریه مطالعات خاورمیانه
سال بیست و نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 107، بهار 1401)

The present study tries to investigate and analyze the most important reasons for political stability and the absence of pro-democracy shocks in the UAE using a descriptive-analytical method and using quantitative and qualitative data. The theories of rentier government and rent-oil economy, late rentierism and neopatrimonialism and their combination form the theoretical framework of the present study. The research findings show that the UAE has adopted two simultaneous and complementary strategies in economics and politics to prevent protest movements and disrupt political stability. In the economy, the UAE is looking for a strategy to diversify the economy and distance itself from the rentier and mono-product economy, thus reducing vulnerability in the economy. In politics, too, the UAE government seeks a model of accountable but undemocratic government. A government that responds very well to economic and welfare demands but is highly undemocratic in politics and only makes superficial and tactical reforms. For these reasons, the UAE has maintained its political stability and has not experienced strong political shocks. But for reasons such as intergenerational developments and the emergence of a new middle class outside the ruling sheikhs's support network, demographic composition and activation of immigrants, the end of oil revenues, increasing political awareness and declining traditional-tribal legitimacy, the UAE can no longer function as it does today. The waves of democracy are immune to or highly resistant to.

This article has been written with the aim of investigating the impact of ITI Railways on the realization of communications and advancing Pakistan's economic policies within the framework of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), of an applied type and with an analytical-descriptive method. The present study focuses on ITI railways and Pakistani trade relations and ECO spatial territory. In the realm of time, data have been collected over the last 10 years, but in order to be aware of the state of Pakistan's railways, it is necessary to refer to the development of the railway since its inception. The most important solutions presented in this article for Pakistan to benefit from ITI Railways are: seriousness in implementing railway projects, attracting specialists, eradicating corruption, updating the electricity and telecommunication system, speeding up the reconstruction of wagons, replacing wagons Worn out with new wagons, attention to container trade in Lahore dry port and increased use of investment support from the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) program. Iran, meanwhile, could increase its share of Pakistan's imports from $ 500 million to $ 16 billion while bypassing US economic sanctions, and strengthen its strategic relationship with China.

Foreign policy in international relations is one of the subjects that has been considered by different theories. Foreign policy analysis from the constructivism perspective is the new matter that analyses actor’s behavior based on their defined identity by emphasizing on the identity of actors (mostly states) as the agents of the structure of international system. Constructivists also pay attention to the structure of international system but they don’t accept it as predetermined matter instead they believe that it’s the result of agents’ interactions which act with each other based on their subjective perceptions. In this regard, constructivists recognize the structure of international system as a complex of challenges and opportunities which is defining and redefining by actors constantly, as Wendt pointed out, institutions and stablished rules (structures) have objective nature in structural dimension. In this article, first we will consider the foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran and its identity as an actor and then we will consider the foreign policy of I.R Iran toward India by pointing out of existing structure and challenges and opportunities derived from it.

Bahrain is a country in the south of Iran and the Persian Gulf and has an important role in regional equations. After independence from Iran in 1971, this country has always sought to improve its security and independence by resorting to regional and supra-regional powers. On the other hand, Israel seeks to achieve it by making agreements in the Persian Gulf Important and influential political achievements for the United States and especially for its powerful ally, the United States, and for him and the United States, this is a desirable goal. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical method and the use of documentary sources, seeks to answer the question: What are the consequences of the normalization of Israel-Bahrain relations on the Islamic Republic of Iran? is. The findings of the study indicate that Bahrain has expanded relations with Israel in order to gain US strategic support and to enhance its regional position and to counter the threats that lie ahead, and for Israel to improve its position. Regionally, coming out of diplomatic isolation and forming a front against the Islamic Republic of Iran has expanded relations with the countries of the Persian Gulf. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully analyze the intentions of Israel in normalizing relations with Bahrain to take the necessary measures and strategies in order to neutralize and even confront the hostile goals of the Zionists towards the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Today, the modern concept of identity has become so comprehensive and vague that each person, according to his Adventitious and appointed positions, belongs to several minorities, and there are always people who share or have different interests in the experience of this "group identity". Although the existence of these various identities is the reality of our time, but in a world where nation-states are still the main political actor, the existence of group identities does not indicate the insignificance of the national identity. It seems that the dialectic between group identities and national identities - which is strongly influenced by the policies of each country's rulers - affect the quality of each other. The main question of this article is that how the approaches of absorbing or rejecting political systems towards group identities, which are referred to as "identity politics", affect individuals' perceptions of the national identity experience? Using descriptive-analytical method and library resources, the author seeks to assess the hypothesis that the identity policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran are formed on the basis of similarization and assimilation. On this basis, a kind of permanent rejection and denial of multiple identity groups is rippling in this country, that comes in the result of which is the social and epistemological rupture of various identities, weakening of empathy and cooperation between them, and the decline of the concept of Iranian identity.

Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article answers the question of how to analyze the pattern of Iran's foreign policy in the period 2013 to 2017 based on Ramezani's idealist realist theory. In fact, the authors of the article try to study the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in one of the most important periods of recent decades, namely the years that led to " Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action " agreement (2013-2017), using the realistic-idealistic approach of Ruhollah Ramezani. The foreign policy behavior of the Islamic Republic in this period is an example of a model that Ramezani calls idealistic realism. Understanding this model helps to predict the future behavior of the foreign policy agents of the Islamic Republic in various fields with a certain degree of error coefficient. In the following, we have researched with the assumption that various institutions are involved in Iran's foreign policy.